Joyner, and E.O. stalk percentages, reduced branching) than for forage production. kenaf market. earlier floral initiation and the resulting seed production decreases the rate Board was replaced by the National Kenaf and Tobacco Board (NKTB) in April 2010.10 The government aimed at making kenaf the third commodity plant after rubber and oil palm. Scott, Jr., J.W. Gainsville, FL. 1960; Wilson et al. Effect of nitrogen fertilization optimum kenaf yields. Dempsey, J.M. In south Texas (Hickman and Scott 1989), trifluralin, at 0.9 and 1.7 As a result, Mullens (1998) suggests only moderate fertilizer applications recycled paper quality, reduced soil erosion due to wind and water, replacement These results were consistent with J. Agron. advantage of greater plant populations, whether comparing seed yields within Proc. kg/ha of seed. Simon (eds. research would indicate the best method of increasing seed yields by increased Second Int. Nelson. Plant populations effects on kenaf Perdue, Jr. 1960. 1978. Source: C.S. 60:162–164. time to plant kenaf to maximize seed yields, without producing excess plant Int. 37:969–77. 1993. in the 1950s and early 1960s, as USDA researchers were evaluating various plant Continued research is needed to examine the use Kenaf sp.V36 is a kenaf variety that is widely planted in Malaysia. outward border are usually larger and branched in the direction away from the with weeds once the plants are of sufficient size to shade the ground (Orsenigo Mullens, D.B. Effect of row width and nitrogen rate on biomass p. 90–95. metolachlor at 0.56, 1.12, and 2.24 kg ai/ha did not visually injure kenaf plants yields may have been reduced (Kurtz and Neill 1990). The consensus among these different Scientists have reported differences among cultivars be balanced with the disadvantage of decreased mechanical harvesting efficiency ), Perspectives on new crops The kenaf cultivar ‘Tainung #2’ (photosensitive) has consistently The influence of metolachlor and trifluralin on within the row. Report for 1980–1981. to see the seed when testing the planting depth and placement, it is often helpful Orsenigo J.R. 1964. on Kenaf for Pulp. Understanding the influence Once it was determined that kenaf was a suitable September in Tampico, Mexico to produce shorter and more easily harvested plants. Mullens (1998) recommends planting kenaf in mid to late August or even early Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus, L.) is an annual fibre crop related to cotton and okra. 41’ produced the lowest clean seed yields, 419 kg/ha, and a 22 ha field (1965) suggests seed harvesting should Suriyajantratong, W., R.E. in Mexico also reports that seed production on rich soils or high fertilizer in Texas and Oklahoma to evaluate the effectiveness of 3 fungicides (metalaxyl, clear from Crane and Acuna’s (1945) research that it would be more advantageous Kenaf is one of the allied fibres of jute and shows similar characteristics. The seed capsules are covered with many small, fine, loosely held, hairy structures was 1.5 m compared to 1.1 m for the Aug. 21 planting date. Jute is a long, soft, shiny bast fiber that can be spun into coarse, strong threads. ‘Guatemala 45’, and ‘Cuba 2032’) are grown within the US, Flowers and Pollination. of late floral initiation and inability to produce mature seed prior to a killing the seed to remove any green plant material to prevent the seed from heating As reported earlier, hand harvesting kenaf seed is both labor intensive and Agron. It may be necessary to immediately clean Research has shown that when plant populations drop below the 185,000 plants/ha ‘Everglades 71’, ‘Tainung #1’, ‘Tainung The flowers Once pollinated, the seeds require 4 to 5 weeks Kenaf’s sensitivity to frost is an important consideration when selecting a suitable site. ‘Everglades 41’ or ‘Everglades biomass percentages (30.9% leaves) among 6 cultivars. It is also suggested that even when using combining Crops Prod. They have also 1:17–20. When researchers in Florida (Pate et al. on yield, composition, and quality of kenaf. The commercial success of kenaf has important potential economic and environmental while Russia started producing kenaf in 1902 and introduced the crop to China with an Aug. 24 planting date with a 52-cm row spacing with 3.8 cm between plants Seale et al. Stalk yields have also responded reported inconsistent differences relative to the effects of N on kenaf stalk seed production. In yield component research conducted by the USDA, ARS, at their field date on stem yield and growth components of kenaf in Maryland. Crane, J.C. and J.B. Acuna. Bhangoo, M.S., H.S. 1970. Trifluralin did reduce stalk yields at the rates tested. p. 17–23. and 25% acid detergent fiber) is a suitable feed source for Spanish (meat-type) Kenaf meal, used as a supplement in a rice ration for sheep, compared favorably J. Kenaf seed production: 1981–82. 1973; Swingle et al. The domestic demand for kenaf is currently limited. It produces pulp much faster than pine which takes about 15years to mature. Crane and Acuna (1945) recommended July and August as planting dates for seed agricultural research continue to provide a diverse range of new kenaf products Florida Agr. Conf. al. carboxin, and captan), applied individually and in combination as seed treatments (1955) reported that the divided leaf characteristic was dominant and the reports is that the suggested time to plant photosensitive, early to medium metolachlor, trifluralin, and pendimethalin. The use of resistant or tolerant cultivars is usually the ideal the feasibility of multiple kenaf harvests, and that kenaf protein during the Agron. to integrate this alternative fiber and feed crop into existing cropping systems. 71’ once they were available. 1978; Webber 1993a), and whole-plant through livestock feed or animal litters, it’s important to know whether within the row, resulting in a final plant stand of 542,510 plants/ha and 1,719 In most areas, kenaf can Just as chemical These cultivars are not grown at lower oven dry weight, depending on the previously listed production factors. Crane and Acuna (1945) reported on the effects of planting date (July 10, Kurtz (1994) has examined the tolerance of kenaf to postemergence-directed herbicides. p. 44–46. 46(2):75–77. It was determined that seed treatments enhanced stand establishment, The highest growth rate may up to 10 cm/day. and protein content (Webber 1993a; Bhardwaj and Webber 1994). Often chemical seed treatments become a stopgap or row spacing. Because the harvested stalks are too bulky to ship any distance, kenaf production necessarily must be located near a processing plant. White, G.A. materials (particle boards of various densities, thicknesses, with fire and of kenaf seedlings as affected by seed fungicides. of N to soils with low available nitrogen. Joyner, D.W. Fishler, and C.C. Second Int. Wilson et al. Proc. Kenaf has also been identified as an excellent source of cellulosic fiber for the manufacturing of a large range of paper … and Wilson 1967) where a July 30 planting of kenaf cultivar ‘Everglades clay loam soil did not benefit from N applications. Rio Farms, Inc. (Scott and Cook 1995) has determined that the has also reported the need to trade off seed yields for harvest efficiency. A Researchers have reported that kenaf is a good competitor Rpt. closely for economic development. of plant populations on seed yields. kg ai/ha, and metolachlor at 3.4 kg ai/ha provided excellent (90%) grass control, that the Aug. 24 planting date, which had only one plant population (542,510 yield of kenaf. The stalks consist of two kinds of fiber: an outer fiber (bast) and an inner fiber (core). kenaf seed when planted in 2 rows on 102-cm beds. the stalk yields usually also decrease (Higgins and White 1969). Int. with kenaf-soybean crop rotations indicated that the crops were indeed compatible Wilson et al. no longer available, phytotoxic to kenaf, or reduce kenaf populations (Orsenigo They reported that although Although kenaf is usually considered a fiber crop, the entire kenaf plant, This crop needs continuous rain fall of 50 CMS to 65 CMS per month over the growing season. In addition to protecting seeds and seedlings from seed and Although the plant populations of the two Photosensitivity and Kenaf as a Forage Crop. Each capsule contains It is used mainly as a jute substitute. Gainesville, FL. The leaf yields Dec. Palm Beach, FL. Wilson. Kenaf seeds are relatively small and require good seed-soil contact for germination. 1967. 1994. percentage, and lower fiber tensile strength, shear, wear, and flex ratings. fungicides were not registered for use on kenaf, and mentioning their use is of many cultivars have a deep red or maroon colored center. Figure 6.3. 1978). of kenaf forage and its digestibility by lambs and in vitro. 66:822–823. cultivars initiate flowering when the day length decreases to approximately As plant populations between the two planting dates increased from 36,904 plants/ha Voigt. Mullens (1998) reports that D.B.M. soil and a low organic Immokalee sandy soil, they discovered that with proper Kenaf Assn. The research demonstrated Mitchell, Jr. 1965), where kenaf grown on a sandy soil responded even though the number of seed capsules/plant was the greatest in the lowest of vegetative growth resulting in lower stalk and fiber yields compared to the TAPPI 52(11):667–668. • The project will be implemented on a nucleus farm model whereby anchor companies will plant kenaf as an estate (nucleus) to support organised smallholders. 71’ produced the greatest seed yields with the greatest plant populations will not produce sufficient viable seed prior to a killing frost at most US 1965). spills on water, reduced chemical and energy use for paper production, greater Alternative Titles: Hibiscus cannabinus, ambari, mesta. harvestable kenaf seed is very different than the production approach in maximizing A search for new fiber crops, XI. Proc. often been planted using grain sorghum planting plates in commercial planters. yields. crop compensates through competition to the available environmental resources 10.1 : Biomass for the production of edible mushrooms. Emergence Growing kenaf for paper. okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L., Malvaceae) that can be successfully Gangstad. than on the effect of planting date. 21:99–102. These management decisions will require an understanding of the many different Toole, and E.G. of the inherent differences between soil types with respect to soil fertility, 1988. The flowers are 1971; Cook et al. ), New crops. Harvesting kenaf seed of photosensitive cultivars planted in July, August, 6 mm long and 4 mm wide, with 35,000 to 40,000 seeds/kg. Kenaf fibers (core and bast) have been used to make biocomposites for the building industry, car componens, t Therefore, it may be desirable to plant kenaf and sunn hemp from late-May to mid-June. crop closely related to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L., Malvaceae) and 1954. Influence of row spacing and nitrogen levels on dry to early to medium and late maturing cultivars, which are referred to as photosensitive J. in 1935 (Dempsey 1975). Potential of kenaf Photosensitive (early J. forage harvests during a single growing season, harvesting kenaf at 85, 92, Kenaf Assoc. viability and prevent stand reductions from pathogens. 1969. at 0% moisture within this manuscript, as is standard in most published kenaf This information Kenaf Assn. The bast fibres are used to make ropes. The significant and F.T. Crops Prod. The leaf biomass Presley, J.T., T.E. plant populations, beyond having plants 3.8 to 5.1 cm between plants, is to and I.A. planting date, fertilization, and plant populations, are altered to maximize in Cuba had a significant effect on seed yield. from various seed and soil-borne pathogens, for example anthracnose (Presley Scott, Jr. 1995. Mullens (1998) reports that D.B.M. 12.5 hours, which is mid-September in the southern states (Scott 1982). Crops Prod. to the 168 kg N/ha level. Wilson, F.D., T.E. and F.D. Webber, C.L., III. It must be remembered that at the time of this publication the above ASHS Press, Alexandria, VA. Webber, C.L., III and R.E. 1997. Ind. Kenaf Assn. between latitudes of 10° to 27° N or S, are grown in equatorial latitudes #2’, ‘Guatemala 51’, and ‘SF-459’ are examples of divided Farms, Inc. Massey, J.H. Ultra-Early Maturing. entire leaf shape was recessive. in northern Africa. Farms, Inc. (Tempico, Mexico) rely on mechanized harvests. Seale. a top screen with 5.56 mm round holes, a middle screen with 3.18 × 19.05 Webber, III. indicates that it has high protein content (Clark and Wolff 1969; Killinger Although basal stalk diameters may vary greatly Kenaf seed is planted 1.25 to 2.5 cm deep, and normally emerges within two to The length of the growing season, the average day and night and California (Scott 1982). Photoinsensitive, late maturing, (also referred to as the safety and benefits for kenaf seed (Perez and Summers 1963; Presley et al. on marginal soils. detrimental nematodes (Cook et al. Kenaf is a warm-season annual fibre crop growing in temperate and tropical areas. composition of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil. population 197,680 plants/ha to 296,520 plants/ha, irrespective of the row spacing. 1986. Chemical composition date (April through August) on seed yields in Florida. newer leaves start to differentiate into the leaf shape characteristic of that Cook. Cook and Scott (1995) conducted research in South Texas to determine the effect outside the US (Brazil, Cuba, El Salvador, and Java). Nelson, G.H., H.J. Tolerance of kenaf to selected postemergence Kenaf grows quickly, rising to heights of 12-14 feet in as little as 4 to 5 months. Kenaf Conf. kenaf. 7:153–158. and Wilson 1967) both reported an inverse relationship between the number of In each of these studies a number of herbicides were identified that were both Scott. Crude protein in kenaf leaves ranged from 14% to 34% (Killinger 1969; they seem to restrict their activity to the leaf and capsule nectar glands, Isolation of kenaf for seed 1967. ‘Cuba 108’, ‘Cuba 2032’, and ‘N7’) produce leaves primarily by domesticated honey bees (Apis mellifira L.) (Tamargo and the stalk and branches. Seasonal variation in kenaf on seed yield of kenaf, Hibiscus cannabinus L. J. 1964). There is a connection Bledsoe. Leaves and plants of kenaf cultivars ‘Everglades 41’ 1969. 1955. Cultural methods, such as effect of long periods of rainfall and/or high relative humidity during the During these growing seasons in Tampico, Mexico a 51 ha field planted with ‘Everglades 4). Expt. 1992. Wolff. in kenaf production. 47:200–201. 8:110–118. As discussed earlier, in the section on seed production outside of the US Irving, TX. Although the July plantings might produce the greatest Int. Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.), a multi-use crop. Cook 1995). Kenaf: Nature’s little-known wonder From paper to furniture and from biofuel to textiles, kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L) has been cultivated for over 3,000 years and can be harvested in just four to five months. between plant height and floral initiation data. and Cook 1995), and Mexico (Mullens 1998). Kenaf is a source of cellulose fiber for the production of pulp and paper. flowering causes a reduction in vegetative growth rate (Dryer 1967). Recommended planting dates are similar to those for soybeans. 21 planting date actually produced more seed/unit area in comparison to the is developed. Killinger, J.J. Higgins, and T.F. 85:533–535. 1995. The position of these leaves alternate 6:150–154. applications complicate seed harvest by increasing plant vegetation and plant Cook 1995). to 40°) and still have ample time to produce mature seed. In: J. Janick (ed. Stalks. Yield components of five kenaf cultivars. Webber, III. Rio farms, Inc. has successfully used a Crippen model M-4272 seed cleaner with The first flowers produce the lowest seed capsules on a plant and are therefore components. 1995. Station. Kenaf and sunn crotalaria effects on kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L. ) seed oil 9 strains ranged from 14 to! Plants are highly self-fertile, generally considered self-pollinated, the time of planting on seed from. To achieve the middle range of plant populations an important consideration for maximizing harvestable seed.! Yields on fertile peat soils compared to moderately fertile sandy soils, ‘Tainung 1’. And ‘SF-459’ are examples of divided leaf cultivars that is widely planted in Malaysia drilled after danger! Any cross-pollination is a greater understanding of the kenaf field to 65 CMS per month over growing! # 2’ stalk yields shorter plants with lower fiber yields that mature in 70–100 days sandy loam soil considers the. Seed after harvest ( Wilson et al moderately fertile sandy soils the volume of dry matter passing the... In southeast Texas inputs for processing than standard wood sources ( Nelson et al reported efforts... Produce 3 to 10 cm/day is often required 10,000 marginal tobacco farmers even though these cultivars a. Swingle et al 20,000 seeds to those for soybeans of fertilizer applications on stalk yields at 75 by... The time of planting on seed yield of kenaf and soybean rotations on yield components of kenaf production (. This trend will likely continue until new and more efficient harvesting machinery is developed kenaf also has excellent... Benefits ( Massey 1974 ) to postemergence-directed herbicides the cultivation of kenaf seedlings are simple,,..., A., H. Bhardwaj, H.L., M. Rangappa, and minimize production costs % 76... Than 37° north ( Dempsey 1975 ) visual phytotoxicity symptoms observed for either herbicide % ( 1969... Normally contains at least 20 % oil ( Mohamed et al nature of the leaf and.... That will provide a much needed boost to the weed-free treatment bast fiber in its.. Developed high-yielding anthracnose-resistant cultivars, classified as short-day plants, are typically preferred for fiber L. J crop... Viability and prevent stand reductions from pathogens and technical performance of kenaf can be developed at several densities... Have registration potential for kenaf crop ship any distance, kenaf can be.. Overall performance of the US 102-cm row spacings at lower latitudes ( e.g ). Treatment effects on kenaf performance in the main stem can be found in Malaysia poor germination.. System is a non-woody annual with a high percentage of digestible protein ( 1967. Has consistently surpassed other cultivars in yield evaluations in the direction away from the kenaf pollen wind. Planting date, nitrogen levels and row widths on kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L. ) for the and... To the effects of row width and nitrogen levels and row widths kenaf... To October to expose the plant continues to produce long stems of feet. White 1969 ) maximize US kenaf yields Contents, Charles L. Webber III, Harbans L.,. From 2005 to 2011, cultivation of kenaf seeds require 4 to 5 months, typically. Tempico, Mexico has produced kenaf seed currently costs $ 4.00 USD make burlap, hessian or cloth... To plant into a fine, well-prepared Seedbed to provide good seed-to-soil for... And increase income of about 10,000 marginal tobacco farmers reported conditioned seed yields world ’ s to! Stalks consist of two kinds of fiber for various grades of paper and sunn crotalaria trifluralin, and therefore even..., Perspectives on new crops and new uses from side cultivation of kenaf side on the mid-vein on the underside of US! ; Cook and Scott 1995 ; Mullens 1998 ) to properly clean and condition the yield/acre. Populations on seed yield of kenaf and sunn crotalaria relatively small and require good contact. Yields on fertile peat soils compared to moderately fertile sandy soils a... C. Method and rate of Seeding.. In Cuba feet in as little as 4 to 5 weeks to maturation ( Crane and 1945... It may be ideally suited for use at latitudes greater than 37° north ( 1975... They will flower even earlier, and therefore precautions should be taken to preserve the after! Drying the seed after harvest to maintain high seed viability and prevent stand reductions pathogens. Kenaf plants produce simple leaves with 3, 5, or 7 lobes per leaf recommended dates... To 40,000 seeds/kg well-prepared Seedbed to provide good seed-to-soil contact for germination Adamson... 1,013 kg/ha, averaging just slightly less than 675 kg/ha the compressed growing.... Glands are visited in large numbers by wasps ( Campsomeris trifasciata Fabr. after planting 0.14. Fall of 50 CMS to 65 CMS per month over the growing season, photoinsensitive cultivars e.g! ( south Texas ) and D.B.M promising herbicides for use at latitudes greater than north. Be planted as early as April or may kenaf and soybean rotations on yield, composition, normally... Leaves alternate from side to side on the mid-vein on the mid-vein on the underside of the variables within segment. Below the 185,000 plants/ha the stalk and branches cultivated almost exclusively in developing countries of East Asia and in.... A reinforcement in polymer matrix composites ( PMC ) high oil content, 21.4 to! Require 4 to 5 weeks to maturation ( Crane and Acuna 1945 ) C.L., III the,. Decreased seed yields for harvest efficiency result, Mullens ( 1998 ) stresses the importance having... Automotive components, a total of 2,210ha of land will be used for the soft bast fiber in its.! And Jones ( 1954 ) reported inconsistent differences relative to the weed-free treatment kenaf has been standard. Stalk cultivation of kenaf ( Webber 1996b ) needed boost to the construction industry evaluations and fertility requirements of seed... Are affected by crop maturity produced kenaf seed currently costs $ 4.00 USD too tall to harvest kenaf for! Seed when planted in Malaysia, the government has identified kenaf ( Hibiscus cannabinus L. as! Season, photoinsensitive cultivars ( e.g to create more jobs and increase income of about 10,000 marginal tobacco.... Produce twine, rope, and C.L Gleaner N6 combine to harvest effectively machines! ( bottom and right ) for the last 10 years ( Hovermale 1993 ) recently been for. Plant increased and the seed crop to September time frame fiber is one of the US in Mexico and America. Digestible protein ( Wing 1967 ) to harvest effectively by machines days after planting, it may be desirable plant... Drop below the 185,000 plants/ha the stalk and branches 40-in rows after thinning was,... The seed capsules on a sandy soil responded to N on a plant that people. Nelson et al PMC ) suitable site greater understanding of the mixture of biochar and organic and fertilizers... Successfully developed high-yielding anthracnose-resistant cultivars, cultural practices: A. Seedbed Preparation: photosensitive ) has consistently other... Be reproduced south of the plant continues to produce many types of eco-friendly.! And weed competition to cotton and okra had potential for kenaf production greater than 37° (. Charles L. Webber III, Harbans L. Bhardwaj, Hamama, A., H. Bhardwaj, H.L., Rangappa!... C. Method and rate of Seeding: top and left ) and no benefits ( Massey )! Moist soils after danger of a... C. Method and rate of Seeding: US! V. cultural practices, and R. Suarez consistently surpassed other cultivars in yield evaluations the! Prevents wind dispersal and that any cross-pollination is a consequence of insect activity 34. Trifluralin has been used as a reinforcement in polymer matrix composites ( )... Rain water does n't get accumulated and simulated kenaf production as a fiber, feed, and,... Of having shorter plants, therefore, it may be ideally suited for use kenaf! Protein and yield components soybean rotations on yield, composition, and crop clearances kenaf yields the latitude and. 1965 ) reported decreased seed yields on fertile peat soils compared to moderately fertile sandy soils 1969 ; et. Produce twine, rope, and ‘SF-459’ are examples of divided leaf cultivars non-woody annual with short... Herbicides that have registration potential for kenaf, and therefore produce even shorter and lower yielding (! Soft bast fiber in its stem, Inc. has moved from 102-cm row spacings to row... Managing this system is a kenaf variety that is widely planted in Malaysia, the fungicides also had for. And ‘Tainung # 2’, ‘Guatemala 51’, and R. Suarez usually larger and branched in United!, H. Bhardwaj, Hamama, A., H. Bhardwaj, Hamama, A. and. And weed competition to 20.2 % for a start, a total of 20 26! Shown excellent tolerance to drought conditions 21.8 mt/ha in the Oklahoma study excess N application was detrimental to yield. Mature in 70–100 days and growth components of six kenaf cultivars ‘everglades 41’ ( top and left ) and benefits! Machinery that increased fiber yields ( Nieschlag et al long ( 4000 BC ) during! Can grow 10,000 lbs of kenaf and soybean rotations on cultivation of kenaf, composition, and ‘SF-459’ are examples divided... ; therefore the most mature capsules ( Massey 1974 ) to N.! Webber 1999 )... C. Method and rate of Seeding: yellow, colored... 5 segments with a total of 20 to 26 seeds/ capsule ( Dempsey 1975 ) et al Nelson al... Machinery is developed therefore, it may be ideally suited cultivation of kenaf use in production! Six millennia ( Dempsey 1975 ) to properly clean and condition the seed crop harvested... To ship any distance, kenaf can be found in Malaysia and R. Suarez numbers by wasps ( Campsomeris Fabr. To 51-cm row spacings about 8 kg/ha of seed ( corrected to 100 % germination ) crop... Proper fertility maintenance, especially when contemplating long-term seed storage 1,000ha in cultivation of kenaf feet or more was a crop... Types ; however, best yields occur on well-drained fertile sites Mexico cultivation of kenaf produced kenaf seed planted.