Plain and simple, theyre tough! Owner reviews are positive in general, with many reporting a quieter-than-expected ride on the road more travelledthough some owners report faster-than-expected wear. From $287.99. Acceleration, Really really good. The strongly reinforced structure helps fend off punctures and bruising, while advanced rubber compounding and a built-in rim protector add extra confidence and protection. Mud-Terrain tires are generally identified by four rows or tread lugs compared to five rows on all-terrain tires. 08-03-21, 10:54 PM. Looked like a 1/4 mile car and rode like a horse and buggy. Give us a call at 866-961-8668. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community.
BFGoodrich Mud Terrain T/A KM3 Radial Car Tire for Light Trucks, SUVs Mega made me get Skats and a tune :furious: They do come in a 14 rim. Maxxis RAZR MT-772, 225/75R16 115/112Q. It is also made up of 3-polyester, 2-nylon, and 2-steel belts that cover the tread. Slightly, every so slightly, louder than OEM. No, but the Maxxis Razr MT is far from a dud and it offers something none of the rest do: an actual milage warranty. But with me around, tire selection would never bother you again. JavaScript is disabled.
Best Maxxis 4WD Tyres - ProductReview.com.au Maybe you dont care about that and will sacrifice every last ounce of livability for extra off-road grip. Load rating E so stiffness is definitely a given. runs about $45-50 less than the STT Pro. Maxxis Carnivores 32x10x14, Emp tonneau- Seizmic upper- Summit heater- Cree side shooters X4- LED headlights- Custom floor mats & bed liner- Custom inner fenders to make cleanup nice and simple. Quick Comparison of 265/70R16s - I purchased the SL RAZR at 38lbs.
mt 225/75 R16 Come join the discussion about reviews, performance, trail riding, gear, suspension, tires, classifieds, troubleshooting, maintenance, for all JL, JT, JK, TJ, YJ, and CJ models! Almost bit on the STT Pro but was swayed by some guys at Quadratec to try the KM3. Quadboss Steely Wheels Feature A Stylish Rock-crawler Design That's Been Powder-coated Black For A Durable, Long-lasting Finish. Infused with Kevlar, Goodyear claims the addition of this bullet-stopping material reduces the likelihood of a sidewall puncture by 35%. "it's the Maxxis Razr that performed best in our tests" To be honest, this is a little like asking what the best burger isthousands of considered answers. And since its lugs are pasted on a larger sidewalls real estate, it gets to provide superior footprint with lowered air pressure. Other tyres that are AT/MT hybrids are; The large tread lugs mean fuel economy is impacted and MT tires are quite noisy. Outstanding range of sizes to suit most of the Australian 4x4 market. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. As for handling on the road, these tires work amazingly well. It is pricey though with tires starting at over $200 a piece. The only down side I found on them is that they became loud if I tried to rotate them to the opposite side of the vehicle when rotating tires. For my off-road adventures I air down to 15 PSI and doing that gives these tires a terrific wide footprint that provides great floatation on soft terrain. The tire was a 40,000-mile treadwear warranty, which is a welcomed surprise. They are quite a bit more than the BFGs, however. I agree that the Maxxis is a good looking tire, but I have yet to find the a Coopers lacking in any way. maxxis vs bf goodrich. Quite impressive on the rocks and in the mountains as they air down quite nicely and super grippy. So, final thoughts:If you want an LT tire for heavy off-roading, I would be very confident in this tire. A forum community dedicated to Dodge Cummins Diesel truck owners and enthusiasts. These mud terrain tires are popular and highly rated amongst professionals for a long history of success and a proven brand reputation, but expect to pay a premium when installing them on your truck or 44. And as youd expect with an MT tire, it comes with a 3-ply sidewall. really well but not last as long, whereas BFG's are know to wear really well/ last a long time. The Fora platform includes forum software by XenForo. Way too many Jeeps to list/ lots of pickups and muscle cars too. This site uses cookies to help personalise content, tailor your experience and to keep you logged in if you register. Whether it was loose rock or sandy inclines, the Mud Hogs kept the WJ moving forward like a mountain goat. Mickey Thompson makes some of the most popular off-road tires on the market, and their Baja Claw TTC tire line is a premium offering designed for competition-ready performance in the mud. They are just as quiet as you have heard, and the best part about them is that they are built extremely beefy so you can wheel hard and not chunk these tires. the down side is that they are a heavy tire. I also thought the raised MAXXIS and RAZR would look gaudy. In fact, it will have the opposite effect.
Maxxis RAZR MT Tires | 4wheelparts.com - TAP I just put on a set yesterday. MT tire lugs are much larger and deeper, and arranged for the purpose of digging into loose earth and tossing it away. Superb off-road traction and handling . They were amazing this hunting season in the deep snow. Finally, unique scoops and scallops on selected edges of the tire tread lugs generate a shoveling effect that digs through mud and deep snow, scoop by scoop. Sleeper Pick: Sedona Rip-Saw R/T Radial. Braking, Excellent, better than the BFG/Wildpeaks, probably due to lower weight. Did you end up using washers on the beads when you intalled the BFG tires? i have narrowed my tires down to. MAXXIS RAZR MT MT-772 SIDEWALL CONSTRUCTION 2 to 3-Ply (depending on size) SEASON All-Season. Not as stiff as an LT, which can be viewed as a pro or a con depending on speed, radius, etc. They have come a long way in recent years to offer improvements in noise reduction and wet wether grip. They are horrible for the highway and loud. I have seen the maxis big horn and Creepy crawlers get 50k on light rigs and I got 50k out of th KM2 on my 60 bias ply or not I want to try the Creepys nexted. Ive heard good reviews about the bfg km2 but how does it compare to the maxis? I am thinking of 32" tires on the factory wheel for the X3 Max Turbo RR.
35" MT Tire Comparison | Jeep Wrangler TJ Forum BEST Mud Tires Reviewed! [2022]! - Wholesale Tires Company Highway compliance. Toyo Open Country MT. Its Discoverer AT3 lineup of all-terrain tires are almost unbeatable and the STT Pro mud-terrain tire brings a new level of innovation to the segment with a totally unique tread compound that delivers outstanding off-road grip with a touch more on-road civility (and performance) than youd get elsewhere. Not a lot of info out on these tires, but what little I have found has been all good. Just note that the best mud tires come with an accordingly-hefty price tag, and that some owners wish for a quieter ride and less of a hit to fuel consumption. Didn't really push them too hard. That's appalling. For my off-road adventures I air down to 15 PSI and doing that gives these tires a terrific wide footprint that provides great floatation on soft terrain. The sizes are just limited on them. They do, generally, lack deep channels that run the length of the tire, something that can hinder their hydroplaning resistance. No experience with Maxxis. Maxxis Razr M/T being a heavier and stiffer tire lacks in overall steering response, fuel economy, and wet traction. More of an all-around all-terrain tire rather than a pure mud-focused design (the name is a bit misleading), these tires are a solid choice for a daily driver that does some double-duty off-road. XTC Street Legal Kit (Modified), OEM Glass Windshield, OEM Rear Slider, OEM Spare Tire Carrier, OEM Cargo Box, Hi-Lift Jack (Modified), STI HD9 15" Wheels, BFG KM3 30/10R15 Reactions: Desertdweller67 Save Share However, it should be noted that these tires are not ideal for use on paved roads due to their tendency to be noisy and potentially not offering a comfortable ride, compared to other tire types. Oct 22, 2018 #1 sm10 Senior Member. Owner reviews are strongly positive and typically reference high levels of traction with appreciably low noise levels. Razr MT-772 37x12.50R18LT 123Q D40k mile warranty Mud Terrain Light Truck tire. Made the mistake of walking into Discount Tire yesterday. It could be cool! There are also plenty of options for3/4/-ton and 1-ton trucks. mt, . Buying a set of large mud-terrain tires is expensive. Tire responsiveness, a measure of how well a tire responds to steering inputs, can be influenced by factors such as weight and sidewall design, which can affect the continuity of contact between the tire and the road.
Maxxis Razr MT Wins 4x4 Test Yeah man, I am planning a video review for YouTube. Not yet, but will post next week once my Carli 2.5 Pintop goes on the truck. Below, well highlight some of the best mud tires in the industry that are designed for tackling the most challenging conditions you and your 44 will ever face. Summary. How are you running the Maxxis on stock rims??? Why did you leave the ST Maxx? It's Coreguard technology helps prevent sidewall punctures while the Krawl-Tek compound grips to every surface at every angle. Most are designed to tackle rock climbing and snow as well. Doesn't appear that those are 3-ply sidewalls like the others stated. Joined Nov 12, 2013 Posts 136 Reaction score 72 Location Arizona Ram Year 2016 Power Wagon Engine 6.4 Hemi . I have had BFG's and Nitto Grapplers in the past and these are just as good, possibly better (and cheaper). The Maxxis RAZR MT772 pattern features deeply sculpted centre blocks for excellent mud traction, while stone and mud ejectors improve self-cleaning performance and minimise rock retention. It comes in a range of 56 sizes from 14 to 22 inches. Having said that, both of our boys here simply offer great results on all types of muddy terrains.
Maxxis Razr AT's on a PW | DODGE RAM FORUM - Dodge Truck Forums . On par with OEM.
37' tire help - RAZR, STT Pro, or Patagonia | Jeep Wrangler Forum Designed for strong performance in mud, snow, or over rocks and sand, these tires are popular with explorers from all walks of life. With genuinely decent off-road grip, and a budget-focused starting price of just $125 per tire, the Maxxis Razr MT gets a 40,000 mile tread wear guarantee. I've owned these tires for 10 months and have put . There's a lot of folks in this forum with good info to share.
32-INCH HARD-TERRAIN TIRES - UTV Action Magazine (So tire manufacturers have to find a middle ground here). . (turboed 2h!) View full details Quick shop Add to cart NO STOCK 30/9.50R15 BF GOODRICH MUD TERRAIN T/A KM3 (104Q) BF GOODRICH PLY LT KG KM/H. The Maxxis Razr MT is most suitable for drivers in search of a more refined M/T tire without going for an aggressive tread design. Both of the tires are measured under the same size of 30*9.50 R15 inches. All these lugs actually make wider lateral grooves, compared to narrower circumferential channels. No experience with Maxxis--my Mud Terrains have only been on for about 500 miles but I do mostly local on road driving and driving offroad on sand or mud or snow. We always point out in our reviews of mud-terrain tires that while they dont come with a milage guarantee, thats not surprising as none of them do. We are committed to finding, researching, and recommending the best products. Tires that perform best in mud have spaced-out lugs designed to clear away the slop. Become an Off-Road insider. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. AEV Front Bumper, BD PAS, LED Bed Lights, On Board Air. Nice tire, but I've had a couple of side wall punctures. Nitto does in the Trail Grappler. The Maxxis Razr M/T on the other hand offers more durability and so with it, you get to have better rocky terrain traction and longer tread life. Caulk Boss Active Member. An above-average mud-terrain tire at the sort of price youd expect to pay for a garbage tire. 20 Fresh from a surprise win in our all-terrain tyre test last year, Taiwanese . Which tire is best for you depends on your needs and how you drive. Latest review: Had these tyres now for over a year, got them with about 60-70% left and I have never been stuck in sand or mud, . SL Wildpeak: 44lbs. Notes The Razr MT was engineered with know-how gained from our involvement in off-road racing. blnewt Well-Known Member. Built for tough, strong performance on the road less travelled, these popular truck mud tires combine the confidence of one of the worlds premier tire manufacturers with numerous advanced features and technologies for a premium tire offering thatll satisfy even the discerning off-roader.
Whether it was because of occasional body/fender contact or the razor sharp rocks, I definitely found some slices in the side of the tread and some on the sidewall, but these tires never give up. Would love to see some pictures if anyone has any mounted. Over-the-shoulder treads enhance grip in deep snow and mud, and maintain strong adhesion to the surface beneath at all steering angles.
All Terrain Tire Comparison | ITP vs STI vs Maxxis vs BFG | Best Tires Gallery. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. As noise enters through the shoulder voids (most of it anyways), the KM3 forming such wider lateral grooves there allow a lot of that air to hit around, creating more noise pollution. Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. It also serves to give the tire a more robust sidewall so that the tire will retain its shape when aired up and down repeatedly. I am running the razr mt though, not the at, since all terrains just don't work on the trails around here. Impressive on-road comfort, stability and handling . Thanks! It's a 6-ply . Cooper STT Pro Votes: 12 92.3% Maxxis Razr MT Votes: 1 7.7% Total voters 13; 1; 2; 3; Next. If theres any down side to this tire, its the price at $177 to start. From the makers of the legendary Super Swamper tires (among the best mud tires in the world) comes the TrXus M/T Radialswhich combine a smooth and quiet ride with tough, thick sidewalls for superior cut and chip resistance. With uniquely designed construction, special tread patterns and compounds, and targeted reinforcements for long-term durability, a set of the best mud tires should perform and last for years to come. Maxxis Bighorn has the better off-road performance to conquer any terrain because of its wider grooves. Nitto has pioneered what they call a hybrid terrain tire (sometimes also called a rugged terrain tire), that combines features of a mud-terrain and all-terrain tire. The 811's are a 10 ply rated LT tyre but they only have 12mm of tread where other tyres in the AT/MT range have up to 14.7mm tread depth. Seeing alot of options on the km3 for 14 and 15 inch. 3 Ply Sidewall Construction on specific sizes for puncture resistance in off-road conditions. Many MT owners report significant drops in fuel economy, however, there are additional factors to take into consideration, such as the size of the tires (many owners who opt for MT tires plus-size their new tires) as well as tire weight. Here they are compared to the stock (29") BigHorns: So far we've only put a couple of hundred miles on them, but these tires are right for us and our riding environment. Maxxis MT772 RAZR. Maxxis Razr MT Pricing: Is it worth the money? Get the latest news first by subscribing to our newsletter here. White 2012 Ram 2500 ST Crewcab, AT, 3.73s, Rough Country 5 inch lift, 22x12 Fuel Mavericks, 35x12.50 Toyo MT's, H&S XRT Pro programmer, MBRP 5" turbo back exhaust. The Razr M/T finished the test in a strong first place, achieving a total score of 401.4 points compared to 393.0 points for the Bridgestone tyre (second place) and 392.4 points for the Kumho tyre (third place). Snow at 1 foot and Snow at t 6 foot big difference Beadlocks > 8psi vs no beadlocks <15psi: big difference BFG MT 35 x12, no bead locks Noise = 6 Ride = 9 Dry = 8 Wet = 8 Snow = 6 Trail = 8 Look = 8 Wear = 25k MPG = 15 Maxxis M9060 Mud Trepador. Other provisions enable uniform wear and reduce the tendency of the vehicle to drift in its lane at highway speeds. While they don't howl like Swampers, I would not call them quiet. I cant speak for their performance in the mud or in extreme offloading, but the snow and ice performance has been great. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. Both are great tires. I think Im going to go with the STT Pro. The Maxxis Razr M/T on the other hand offers more durability and so with it, you get to have better rocky terrain traction and longer tread life. These mud terrain tires are designed with a focus on off-road capability without compromise, these highly rated tires feature among the markets most aggressive tread designs, some of the highest ratings for off-road grip, and excellent durability. rocks, and stones.
Cooper or Maxxis? | DODGE RAM FORUM - Dodge Truck Forums See which tire is right for your vehicle. Looking for Atv online? Definitely quieter than BFGs. 285/70 R17 tyres are factory fitments on vehicles such as the Ford Ranger. Worth knowing: The BFGoodrich Mud-Terrain T/A KM3, the brand's toughest off-road tire yet. The set of 35" 3PMSF tires that I just installed are 19.3/32". Not sure what P tires mean but see the following. I'd go with them. 2.Aggressive Appearance. The hills of Jacumba are filled with jagged rocks and tire puncturing cactus that can easily ruin your day. 37x12.5x17. They wear really well and work great for the desert! BFGoodrich Tires HD Terrain T/A KT 285/70R17 126/123Q. Deep and aggressive side-biters provide additional traction up the tire sidewall, and a flex-groove in the tire buttress allows strategically deployed flex between the treads and sidewalls for optimal contact, even at extreme angles. Saw-edge shoulder blocks, side-biter lugs, 3-ply sidewall construction, and a tough polyester carcass all point to a tyre that can handle a mix of conditions on unsealed trails and rough off-road tracks. Honestly, I wasnt familiar with the brand until my tenure as an Editor at an ATV magazine where I was given the opportunity to test out one of the many offerings that they have for the increasingly popular UTV market.
Atv - ATV Parts And Bodies One of the most popular, and best truck mud tires tires on the market, these high-performing tires hit the road with various improvements for their latest . Price: $298.95/$288.95. ALSO CONSIDER: BFGoodrich Mud Terrain T/A KM3. So it provides better results compared to Maxxis here. The final contestant was the up and coming battler that has had people talking, the Maxxis RAZR MT. So take a look at our list below where weve given you some outright best picks, our number one pick, and a selection of other mud-terrain tires that we highly recommend, depending on your budget and needs. New Maxxis RAZR AT Tires Thread starter NHjake98; Start date Aug 16, 2020; Prev. The tire holds on to all kinds of rocky terrains, like theres no tomorrow. Off-road grip is near the top on this list, with a slight edge in snow over some of its competitors. Didnt you read the explanation with each tire on WHY each tire is on their list? out of 5 (93) Best deal. and a lot with very little to base their very strong opinions on toyo mud terrain seems to answer your questions. Maxxis bike tyres are head and shoulders above the rest, they know how to make a tyre.
New MAXXIS AT Tire Review (Compared to BFG and Wildpeak) With five different light-truck tire offerings that suit the needs of most off-roaders, I opted to give the Kanati Mud Hogs the nod for my replacements. The BF Goodrich KM3 and the Maxxis Razr MT are preferred by off-road enthusiasts for their ability to perform on tough terrains and provide reliable traction. Buy 4 Get $150 Cash Back $525. The High Country ain't Kansas due to the winter weather can be Arctic conditions at the higher mountain passes. Stumbled across a deal I couldn't pass up yesterday for my KRX. Mileage may have taken a slight dip based on the computer, probably due to the more aggressive tread pattern, but I'm still consistently getting over 20mpgs. In other words, the Maxxis M/T is not good at enduring freezing temperatures, though the tire does offer better snow grabbing abilities, but its of no use, (when things get below 5 degrees). . So comparing both, you cant really put one tire over the other. Thats the reason why sipes are important, but more siping is also directly proportional to faster wear, and that especially goes for mud tires, thats why you dont see enough on both of these tires here.
Looks Are Deceiving When It Comes to the Maxxis RAZR MT - MotorTrend Numerous configurations and variants are available, including a 10-ply E-rated tire, and a competition-only sticky version.
Continental 225/60 R17 - samohodoff.ru As a result, its a bit less capable than a conventional MT tire but offers vastly improved on-road performance, including both driving dynamics, reduced road noise and wet weather grip. They are louder than the AT's I had before. . , . Maxxis Razr M/T not only offers closed up lugs there (in comparison), but with a more random lugs placement, it provides better pitch sequencing (variable pitch). They can scoop efficiently and their grooves take out the excess mud, avoiding tread to get packed. BFGoodrich Tires ; Dick Cepek Tires ; Goodyear Tires ; Maxxis Tires ; Mickey Thompson Tires ; Nitto Tires ; . I haven't seen these tires yet. While not designed specifically for snow, mud tires generally perform pretty well on the white stuff. But if you are not hardcore offloading, i think a siped set is a great choice. It's a well known fact that the BFG tires run small but how small are they really. Next Last. For extra durability, the Maxxis Razr MT has a 3-layer polyester surround. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. 1 of 3 Go to page. I could not be happier with them. These lugs are equipped with full-depth sipes, and reinforced foundational supports of secondary layers to provide a satisfactory on-road experience in both wet and dry conditions. If you still cant figure out why S.S. arent on there, then youre on your own. . As for the longevity of these tires, Ive got no complaints. Get an in-depth look at three tires from the General Tire Grabber line the Grabber APT, A/TX and X3. As for dry weather conditions on the pavement, these tires keep my WJ stuck to the road like glue. It features a soup of circumferential and lateral traction with its countless biters everywhere.
Carnivores. Good or Bad | Polaris General Forum The Bridgestones had 14mm of tread depth versus 15mm for the BFGoodrich, Kumho and Maxxis tyres. Bfg km3's; Members: 3474 Posts: 168404 Topics: 10804 . Your email address will not be published. They're pretty quiet, clean well, lasted me 40k on two different rigs and they are glue in the snow/ice. Best Mud-Terrain Tire for Liveability: Nitto Trail Grappler MT. In my professional opinion as a tire engineer, the BF Goodrich KM3 make a great paddle tire, thats why its so great with sand, and lateral evacuation of mud/dirt/debris. Yokohama Geolandar X-AT G016 285/70R17 121Q.
285/70R17 Tyres | Bob Jane T-Marts | Best Tyre Price Guarantee Out of these two, the Maxxis Razr M/T provides better mileage, as it does everything right here. Of course youve got to do regular tire maintenance to get this kind of life, but so far I think these tires are well worth a try. Mounted on my 315 178.5 Method Race Wheels, the 265/70-17 were true to claimed size, standing at just under 32. I'm looking for another image host. Durability is dependent on internal layers, and here although both tires offer 3 ply polyester cover with 2 steel belts, the BF Goodrich KM3 only yields a single cap ply on top, whereas Maxxis M/T gives you with 2. Special off-road composition with novel chemical compounds has been developed for optimal tear . Training: 4x4, bush mechanics, recovery, defensive, 4x4 trucks. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. While the tread depth of Maxxis Bighorn MT is 21/32 and BFGoodrich KM3 is 18/32. i had maxis buckshots on my fjcruiser 5 years ago. CoreGard Max Technology uses a thick sidewall shield and specialized compound to help guard against sharp objects, while Traction-Armor Sidewall Sculpture helps prevent sidewall splitting. Love this tire. Cooper STT Pro - lots of good reviews but also seems to be a bunch with balance issues. I put the traction of these tires to the test on the. I've never understood the draw to BFG tires. BFGoodrich Mud-Terrain T/A KM3, LT LRE 225/75 R16 115/112Q. I'm running Bridgestone Dueler MT 673s on my old land rover and they are great, but unfortunately they don't make any in the size I'm after (285/70r17). You are using an out of date browser. With all the features that make a mud-terrain tire successful, it features huge tread blocks and lots of void space. So, over 500 miles on these tires. #5. Wet or dry, they firmly keep my WJ planted to the road. On the highway it gets noisier but that is a place I rarely drive her--most mud terrain/off road centric tires are gonna whine on the road as the compounds are optimized more for off road than on. When price is the prime priority in a well-reviewed off-road tire, look no further than the Milestar Patagonia M/T Mud Terrain tire. Go. Owner reviews are strongly positive, with most indicating that these tires are nearly impossible to beat for the price. A-Hole package delete.
maxxis vs bf goodrich - Offroad-Express This is subjective, but I think these are the best looking tire's I've ever had. Your email address will not be published. Tread looks like the BFG AT, got better grip than the Cooper in any situation, less noisy and much more comfortable ride. Most riding is in the rocky high desert terrain of Northern Nevada. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. We should put together a review for both of our experiences, i know people will definitely be interested in these 285s compared to ko2s. I want size 285'75'16 i do not want to gt BFG All-terrains because of price. So when you hand over your money, you want tires that will perform in the mud and last a long time. I have to keep them aired to 45psi or so. On the other hand, the Maxxis Razr M/T also features a killer looking tread. I never had a problem with BFG's, they look good, I liked how "square" they looked. In addition a deeper tread depth is better in getting you through deep snow. Over all have been very happy with them on the rocks or in the mud. Great looking tire and performs great on and off road. I'm looking at getting 37" BFG KM3s. I put the traction of these tires to the test on the Old Stagecoach Trail in Jacumba, CA. Got some new maxxis razr at's coming, gotta be an improvement on what I've got now Logged Fanto Re: Bfg km3's Reply #1 on: 26-Aug-20, 13:48 Reply #1. Anyone have a model # that has proven itself? It got a higher speed rating, is LT spec and the same load rating as the ST Maxx. Shoppers can pick from two sidewall designs to suit their individual tastes, and special central siping and shoulder grooves between the tread blocks increase traction and reduce hydroplaning, without sacrificing tread block stiffness.